Development of Drama in The Victorian Age.

Name : Solanki Pratiksha M.
Paper : 6. The Victorian Literature
Subject : Assignment
Title : Devlopment of Drama in The Victorian Age.
Roll No. 23
Sem : 2
Submitted to : 

Smt. S.B.Gardi 
Dept. of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

pratikshasolanki068@gmail.com 

Development of Drama In The Victorian Age : :

Introduction ::

    The Victorian Era was a period of full of changes. It is most important reign of Queen Victoria and her reign consider one of the most important in her time. The writers had to follow the reforms of the time. The Romanticism continued being the main theme of the Victorian's era novels but some writers are focused on the development of English democracy and the industrial progress. 

    In The Victorian era people believes and belief in discipline, in savings, in such a way those good manners were essential requirements for the development of a civilized life style.

Drama ::

   Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance, it is often combined with music, dance, etc.. The use of drama in narrow sense to designate a specific type of play. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy. 

>> Robert Browning

  

  Robert Browning was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues. Robert Browning was born in Camberwell.

His father was a well-paid clerk for the Bank of England. The reminder of Browning's life was occupied with journeys between England, France and Italy and with different activities. Robert was raised in a household of significant literary resources.

His Style ::

    Browning's style has been the subject of endless discussion, for it presents a fascinating problem. He is master of several varieties of metrical forms and excels in the manipulation of rhythmic effects. 

His Plays ::

The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1842 )

    Browning's plays are very well presented by him and in Sardello, it is an attempt to decide the relationship between art and life is Browning's most obscure work.

>> Charles Reade ( 1814-84 )

    Charles Reade was an English novelist and dramatist, best known for The Cloister and the Hearth. Charles Reade was born at Ipsden, Oxfordshire, to John Reade and Anne Marie Scott-Waring, and had at least one brother. Reade start his literary career as a dramatist, he chose to have "dramatist" stand first in the list of his occupations on his tombston.

His Style ::

     As a playwright he had a fair amount of success. He has the dramatist's sense of situation, and his gift is for striking scenes rather than the careful integration of plot. Often he is melodramatic and his characters lack subtlety and his dialogue shows the influence of his theoretical experience.

His Work ::

  

Mask and Faces ( 1852 ) written in collaboration with Tom Taylor

Peg Waffingten ( 1853 ) was his first novel and followed by Christie Johnstone 

Hard Cash ( 1863 ) is an attack upon private lunatic asylums..

His many drama and novels are most popular and very well written by him.

>> Charles Dickens ( 1812-70 )

    Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's most memorable fictional characters and is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period. His novels, dramas and short stories continue to be widely popular.

His Work ::

Oliver Twist ( 1837 )

Nicholas Nickleby ( 1838 )

The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1840 )

Barnaby Rudge ( 1841 ) etc..

>> Algernon Charles Swinburne ( 1837 - 1909 )

  

  Algernon Charles Swinburne was an English poet, playwright, novelist, and critics. He wrote several play and novels and contributed to the well known 11th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Swinburne was born at 7 Chester Street, Grosvenor Place, London, on 5 April 1837.

 
His Work ::

Chastelard, a Tragedy

The Sisters ( 1892 )

Bothwell ( 1874 ) 

Mary Stuart ( 1881 ) etc..

    The gift of Swinburne are lyrical rather than dramatic and his tragedies like those most of his contemporaries, are only of literary importance.

>> Alfred, Lord Tennyson :: 

    Tennyson was born in Somersby. He was born into a middle-class line of Tennysons, but also had a noble and royal ancestry. Tennyson was first a student of Louth Grammar School for four years. 

His Work ::

Queen Mary ( 1875 )

Harold ( 1876 )

Becket ( 1884 )

His Style ::

No one can present more finely than he moods appropriately and external nature includes characters in stationary position and there is splendid spirit in his narrative passage of different action.

" So many worlds , so much to do , so little done , such things to be.. "

Thank you..

 

 

Study of " Hamlet "

Name : Solanki Pratiksha M.
Paper : 8. The Cultural Studies
Subject : Assignment
Title : Study of " Hamlet "
Roll No. 23
Sem : 2
Submitted to : 
Smt. S.B.Gardi 
Dept. of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
pratikshasolanki068@gmail.com


Study Of " Hamlet " :

 Brief Introduction.

    " Hamlet "- It's a tragedy and one type of revenge play written by William Shakespeare. " Hamlet " is the story of a Prince, Hamlet.. who wants to take revenge of his father's death by his uncle Claudius. Shakespeare also changed entire story with making his hamlet as a philosophical prince.

Study of " Hamlet " :

    Rosencrantz and Guildenstern both are marginalized characters in this novel. Let see the approach Shakespeare's Hamlet with a view to seeing power in its cultural context. 
    
    We see the power position when Hamlet's father killed by his uncle claudius and after his father's death hie uncle becomes king so here we see the power of kingship. After the play within the play Claudius is talking very privately with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet's fellow students from Wittenberg and with this response to Claudius plan to send Hamlet to England. Here we see again the power of Kingship. Here that time Rosencrantz delivers a speech. 

" Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are among the jellyfish of Shakesperae's characters "

Both are voiceless and it is easy to forget which of the two speaks. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are distinctly plot driven empty of personality in a different way and eager to curry favor with power even if it means spying on their erstwhile friend.

The Meaning of their Names.. 

The meaning of their names it too different and hardly match what seems to be the essence of their characters. Murray J. Levith, for example has written that..

Rosencrantz :  " garland of roses "

Guildenstern : " golden star "

Although of religious origin, both names together sound singsong and odd to English ears.

" They must sweep my way,

and marshal me to knavery. Let it work,

for 'tis the sport to have the engineer

Hoist with his own petard. And 't shall go hard

But I will delve one yard below their mines

And below them to the moon : Oh, 'tis mose sweet

When in one line two crafts directly meet."

Let us look that what these two characters tell us and let see what they do. We know that simply they are the students at Wittenberg. Claudius send them with Hamlet. Though they may not have known the contents of the " grand commission ".
    
    So all those things are shows cultural distance and power distance. There is someone who said that Sometimes people take the advice to write what you know pretty literally like Shakespeare, who failed Hamlet with self-conscious references to the working of the theater, but it is not just for lack of other material. Shakespeare very well presented whole novel and if ever we wished to study two characters who are marginalized, then let us look upon Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. 

    Power comes from different situations and also behavior, where Hamlet's madness gives power to claudius.Claudius was aware of power, clearly when he observed of Hamlet's Madness..
 

" Madness in great ones must not unwatched go "

For such is power in the world of kings and princes. Nor is it merely a literary construct. England had known the effects of such power off and on for centuries. 

Conclusion ::

Thus, a cultural and historical view that was Shakespeare's is radically reworked to reflect a cultural and philosophical view of another time..our own. 

Thank you..

The Theme of Love v/s Money in Sense and Sensibility.

Name : Solanki Pratiksha M.
Paper : 5. The Romantic Literature.
Subject : Assignment
Title : The Theme of Love v/s Money in Sense and   Sensibility.
Roll No. 23
Sem :2
Submitted to : 
Smt. S.B.Gardi 
Dept. of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
pratikshasolanki068@gmail.com

The Theme of Love V/S Money in Sense and Sensibility. 


Introduction :

  

    Sense and Sensibility is a novel by the English novelist Jane Austen. This novel is published in 1811, and it was the first of Austen's novel to be published under the pseudonym " A Lady ". The whole story revolves around Elinor and Marianne, both are two daughters of  Mr. Dashwood by his second wife and they have a younger sister, Margaret and an older half-brother named Jahn. When Mr. Dashwood dies, the family estate passes to John. The whole novel follows the Dashwood sisters to their new home, a cottage and relatives property, where they experiances both romance and heartbreak.

" The contrast between the sister's characters is eventually resolved as they each find love and lasting happiness. "

Theme of  Love and Money :



      In this novel we see the theme of Love and Money. In sense and sensibility, Austen shown us dramatically different facts of this crazy little thing called Love. There is a also dual plot and dual Heroines. Elinor and Marianne each pursues her romance according to her temperaments and beliefs. Each has unhappy love affair at the starting and in this novel shows dual theme which is parallel connected with Love and Money. 

    
    This theme is also one of weakness in this novel. The theme of sensibility is illustrated in the love affair between Marianne and Willoughby and, The theme of sense begins with the relationship of Elinor and Edward. Marianne's reactions are always impassioned and Elinor is always sensible and restrained.

Marianne :

" Love is not love which alters when it alteration finds, or bends with the remover to remove.

Oh no !

It is an ever fixed mark that looks on tempests and is never shaken "

Willoughby.. Willoughby.. Willoughby.

In the higher spheres of society and in that era, Marriage was just like often contract. In sense and sensibility also especially revels that gentleman were also not always free to marry for their own decision and they are not free to take decision. Same thing happened in this novel where Edward Ferrars and John Willoughby also influenced may be positively or negatively as a result of financial concerns.

Marriage :

The theme of Marriage is equally related with the theme of Love v/s Money. Marianne and Elinor, marriage is not a choice but necessity and their need to marry expediently. A young man who may choose more freely when and whom they marry and Col. Brandon is even 35 and still unmarried, even for women who have money, and marriage is necessary to secure their social positions and ensure financial stability for the future.
Marriage for : Love
Marriage for : Money

" This is what I like ; that is what a young man ought to be. whatever be his pursuits, his eagerness in them should know no moderation, and leave him no sense of fatigue. "

 The choice of each gentleman had large impacts upon the women around them and upon their families in general. In many scenes of the novel it shown how money effects on love.

• John Willoughby leaves Marianne for more money even though he loves her.

• Fanny Dashwood works hard to convince her husband that he owes his stepmother and step sisters nothing.. etc

Conclusion :

Thus.

we can say that in the novel Sense and Sensibility, where couples weren't married for Love , and sometimes fondness would develop but not true companionship or partnership or fellow feeling between couples. The Them of Love v/s Money is very well explained in this novel by Jane Austen.  

The unimportance of love when Money is in question and in that society and through lesser characters in the story.

Thank you..

    

 

Derrida's Structure, Sign, and Play.

Name : Solanki Pratiksha M.
Paper : 7. Literary Theory and Criticism
Subject : Assignment
Title : Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play.
Roll No. 23
Sem : 2
Submitted to : 
Smt. S.B.Gardi 
Dept. of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
pratikshasolanki068@gmail.com

Derrida's Structure, Sign, and Play : :


Introduction :

    Jacques Derrida was a French philosopher, born in French Algeria. Derrida is best known for developing a form of semiotic analysis known as deconstruction. Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences was a lecture presented on 21 October 1966 by philosopher Jacques Derrida. 

Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play : :

    Here..Derrida demonstrates how structuralism as represented by the anthropologist Claude Levi-strauss which sets out as a criticism or rejection of science and metaphysics can be read as embodying precisely those aspects of science and metaphysics which it seeks to challenge. Structure, Sign and Play identifies a tendency for philosophers to denounce each other for relying on problematic discourse and argues that this reliance is to some degree inevitable because we can only write in the language we inherit. Discussing the anthropology  of Claude Levi strauss.

    Although presented a conference intended to popularize structuralism, the lecture is widely cited as the starting point for post-structuralism. In the United States, along with Derrida longer text of programmatic for the technique of Deconstruction. Ideas and methods introduced by Derrida are listed rather than elaborated on.

" There are thus two interpretation, of Structure, of Sign and of free play. The one seeks to decipher, dreams of deciphering, a truth or an origin which is free from free play and form the order of the sign, and lives like an exile the necessity of interpretation . The other, which is no longer turned toward the origin, affirms free play and tries to pass beyond man and humanism "

    In this essay we see that Derrida begins his essay by noting that Structures have always informed western thinking but have not been paid sufficient attention due to the very nature of the structure themselves, because they are essential. Derrida pushes  this established notion of the center to the point of rapture in the history of thought on Structuralism where..

" It was necessary to begin thinking

that there was no center, and

that the center couldn't be thought in the

form of a present - being,

that the center  had no natural site,

that it was not a fixed locus but a function,

a sort of non locus  in which

on infinite number of Sign-substitutions

come into Play. "

 

    Derrida's work is totally different with new idea and thoughts and work always comes with expertness without failure. He seeks to move to a new and entirely different mode of thinking instead of simply moving old system. Derrida also explain three term in his essay.. The structure of Discourse, bricolage play and supplementary.

     " Play " is Derrida's way of simultaneously recognizing the infinite range of deconstruction is possible may because there is an infinite range of information. Derrida's " Structure " is discussed some of his basic notions of post-structuralism and deconstruction, roughly explains the origin of the school pf thoughts revolving around these practices, and gives several concrete examples in support of his arguments. 

    Derrida goes on to list a number of influential thinkers who were important in propagating this shift from structuralist to post-structuralist. This also explains structure of Myth. Here " Sign " shows some time complication of people's mind what all the new theories and concepts had in common is that.. even though they claimed to be aware of the predicaments, they still operated  form within a metaphysical system.

Thank you..